My research focuses on the critical concept of pluralism in Indonesia, investigating how intellectual, religious, and political leaders have developed and reacted to plurality throughout the country’s history. Given the complexity of Indonesian society, which includes numerous religious groups, ethnicities, and dynamic political connections, most Indonesians have accepted the concept of pluralism, which can be interpreted in many ways in politics, culture, ideology, and religious doctrine.
The concept of pluralism has grown in tandem with the country’s political, religious, and societal advancements. Indeed, Indonesia has adopted various democratic, governmental, legal, and educational systems. However, threats to pluralism come from numerous sources, with political pragmatism consistently playing a key role. Political leaders strategically maneuver to obtain political benefit while exerting public influence. In Indonesia, political pragmatism has demonstrated a willingness to accept plurality without regard for morality, integrity, or ethics. As a result, despite the propaganda of the national foundation of Pancasila (the five principles) and bhinneka tunggal ika (diversity in unity), manipulation and corruption have persisted over numerous administration periods.
Minority groups in Indonesia, both within and outside Islam, have consistently supported pluralism. Since the country’s creation, Catholic priests and intellectuals have helped develop the concept of plurality, which has played an important role in establishing the foundation of the state and society. Protestant, Hindu, and Buddhist leaders have also called for and favor the advancement of plurality. Ahmadiyyah and Shia, two Islamic minority groups, have joined academics and NGO activists in advocating for diversity.
Attitudes regarding diversity vary among Muslims—whether followers of Nahdlatul Ulama or Muhammadiyah Islam—yet they feel secure in their majority position regardless of their stance on the issue. Some are skeptical of the usefulness of pluralism because of traditional religious beliefs, while others actively encourage diversity in their intellectual and social activities.
In this project, I examine pluralism as defined by prominent Indonesian intellectuals and leaders from various religious affiliations, ethnicities, ideologies, and educational backgrounds. I also analyze the long-term evolution of pluralist ideas and practices in Indonesian political, social, and religious contexts.