Speaker: H.E. Dr. N Hassan Wirajuda
(Minister for Foreign Affairs of Indonesia 2001-2009)

Discussant: Chachavalpongpun, Pavin (CSEAS)

The cataclysmic multi-dimensional crises of 1998 catalyzed a transformative shift in Indonesia, heralding the onset of a reformation era and signaling the end of President Soeharto’s New Order Government. This period of radical change was marked by a robust reform agenda that was the antithesis of the preceding 32-year authoritarian rule. It encompassed the promotion of democracy, adherence to the rule of law, respect for human rights, eradication of corruption (KKN), decentralization, the establishment of good governance, peaceful conflict resolution, and economic recovery. These pivotal changes accelerated Indonesia’s metamorphosis from a military-centric governance structure to a vibrant democracy, instigating an amplified call for transparency and accountability that permeated its foreign policy architecture.

This seismic shift necessitated a profound recalibration of Indonesia’s foreign policy, characterized by a redefined focus, organizational restructuring, and the infusion of a service-oriented ethos, especially concerning the safeguarding of Indonesian nationals. These modifications aligned with the escalating demands for openness and accountability, with public diplomacy emerging as an instrumental element.

The initial five years of reform were marked by Indonesia’s adept response to unprecedented challenges, notably the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the Tsunami in Aceh. The country’s capacity to navigate these calamities underscored the resilience and adaptability of its reimagined foreign policy, exemplified by the strategic application of soft power diplomacy.

As Indonesia’s international stature ascended, fueled by its transformative journey, the nation assumed a more pronounced role in foreign policy affairs. ASEAN emerged as a focal point, signifying not only regional significance but also an expanded diplomatic outreach encapsulating East Asia and the Asia-Pacific. Indonesia’s leadership catalyzed ASEAN’s evolution from a loosely affiliated grouping to a community based international organization, grounded in the balanced integration of political-security, economic, and socio-cultural dimensions. Stronger cooperation with the larger part of the region was further marked by the establishment of strategic partnerships with global powerhouses like Japan, China, Korea, India, Australia, the United States, and Russia, while simultaneously fostering enduring alliances with developing countries.