Contents

Introduction　Today’s Phase of Contemporary Peruvian Politics (Yusuke Murakami)
　Introduction: The Elections of Bicentennial Independence Year, Castillo Government Going Adrift, and its Self-Destruction
　1　Areas of Interest and Focus of Analysis
　2　Previous Studies and Perspectives of This Book
　3　Structure of the Book
　4　The Castillo Government and after its Fall

Chapter 1　Political and Social Structure of Contemporary Peru: Change and Continuity (Yusuke Murakami）
　Introduction
　1　The First Critical Juncture in Latin America and Peru
　2　The Second Critical Juncture and Peru
　Conclusions

Chapter 2　Peruvian Politics in the 21st Century: Deepning Fragmentation of Fragile Political Parties, Emergence of Another Outsider, and Dsetabilization (Yusuke Murakami)
　Introduction: Castillo, an Outsider
　1　Results of the 2021 Elections
　2　Causes of the Fragmentation of Political Parties
　3　Alternative Analysis of Political Parties and its Criticism
　4　What Has Been and Has Not Been Changed?
　Conclusions

Chapter 3　Social Conflicts under Neoliberal Regime and Decentralization (Isamu Okada)
　Introduction
　1　Social Conflicts under Neoliberal Regime and Decentralization
　2　Trends in Social Conflicts
　3　(Im) Possiblities of Institutional Measures in Reducing Social Conflicts
　Conclusions

Chapter 4　Incomplete Attempts toward Decentralization (Saori Isoda)
　Introduction
　1　Why Does Decentralization Matter?
　2　Relation between Central and Local Governments
　3　Decentralization Process before 2000
　4　Decentralization Process after 2000
　Conclusion

Chapter 5　The “Provincial Subversion” and Its Aftermath in the Early 1930s: Attempts to Restructure the Center-Periphery Relationship through Institutional Reforms and their Limitations (Tomofumi Nakazawa)
　Introduction
　1　Politics and Society in the Early 1930s
　2　1931 Electoral Reforms and the General Election
　3　Constituent Process
　Conclusions

Chapter 6　Structural Problems behind the Recent Political Crisis (Isamu Okada)
　Introduction
　1　Castillo Ousted: December 2022
　2　Structural Divides Manifested in Protest and Repression
　3　Why Solving the Crisis is Uneasy
　Conclusion