Against a backdrop of worsening climate impacts, accelerating the shift toward a low-carbon energy system has become more urgent. In the Asia Pacific, where energy demand is growing and reliance on fossil fuels is prominent, the challenge is significant and multifaceted. Transitioning away from fossil fuels necessitates large-scale changes in the ways energy is produced, accessed, and governed. A largely uneven process, decarbonisation is unfolding differently, with varying consequences across the region’s diverse economic and socio-political landscapes.

The growing literature on energy transition recognises the indispensable role of mineral production to facilitate the shift to clean energy sources (Nem Singh 2024; Riofrancos 2023). It is now widely acknowledged that transition is premised on the extensification and intensification of  raw material extraction within and beyond traditional resource peripheries. Given the voracious demand for so-called critical minerals, new mineral-rich areas  in the region are being incorporated in the global energy landscape. This, in turn, is leading to increased resource exploitation and socio-environmental conflicts as these places assume strategic importance in developing low-carbon alternatives (Sovacool et al., 2020).

In significant ways, the mining-renewable energy nexus is enabling cost-shifting from developed to developing countries, the creation of ‘green sacrifice zones’, and the rearticulation of structural dependencies in the context of intense technological race among East Asian and Western capital in advancing low carbon technologies (Allan et. al. 2021; Carrasco 2024; Jackson 2024). Sub-nationally, the deployment of renewable energy systems have been shown to increasingly encroach on peasant and indigenous territories and compete with other uses of land in novel ways (Borras et al., 2016; Fairhead et al., 2012). Solar projects for example, given their extensive land requirements, have aggravated tensions surrounding land redistribution and contributed to increased precariousness in the rural countryside (Yenneti et al. 2016).

Yet, mineral-rich states have also leveraged their resources to maximise the socio-economic benefits from a low-carbon transition. Specifically, Indonesia is now leading a new pathway of capturing windfall profits and aggressively pushing for the development of technology-intensive downstream industries in battery production, energy storage, and EV car production (Wijaya & Sinclair 2024). Strategies involving the ban of raw materials, rebuilding of domestic supply chains, and comprehensive support for in-country investments in clean energy technologies are increasingly being deployed across the region to advance developmental objectives  (Solingen 2021; Nem Singh 2023). These new politico-economic arrangements need to be better understood to bring to light the ways in which these create, reinforce, or challenge, patterns of uneven development and ecological exchange.

Energy transition dynamics in the region highlight the necessity of revisiting dominant understandings and conceptualisations of the ‘periphery’ as it comes to be redefined to meet differing decarbonisation objectives. This task gains particular significance as East Asian economies take a proactive role in driving supply chain development and technological innovation, which seek to integrate developing economies in new modes of interdependence. At the same time, East Asian developmental and business models have been shown to be markedly different from Western approaches, which lead to distinct patterns of investments (de los Reyes, 2024) and engagements with developing economies (Zhan, 2021, Camba, 2023). These partnerships, moreover, intersect with geopolitical dynamics as the region becomes a critical arena for strategic competition over resources and markets amid the US-China rivalry. By bringing attention to these differences and particularities, the workshop aims to complicate North/South, core/periphery binaries, and traditional readings of structural dependency commonly employed in political economy scholarship.

The workshop seeks to address the following sets of questions:

• What spaces and places are salient to emerging clean energy supply chains? In what ways is decarbonisation in affluent economies dependent on resources and markets in less developed ones?
• How are state-state and state-market relations being reconfigured in response to the decarbonisation challenge? And how are peripheral places being incorporated in these arrangements?
• How do resource peripheries respond to or mediate the dynamics of incorporation? What strategies are being employed to rebalance unequal relations with advanced industrialised countries? And what are the implications for a low-carbon transition?

The international workshop will be held on December 12–13, 2024 in Kyoto, Japan, bringing together scholars working on the Asia Pacific to reflect on the divergent pathways taken by countries in the region to realise a low-carbon transition and to (re)conceptualise the resource periphery in light of emerging value chains. The workshop aims to attract conceptually innovative and empirically grounded papers that situate and critically analyse (the role of) the ‘periphery’ in the following processes:

• phase out (fossil fuels and high-carbon infrastructures) and phase in (low-carbon and clean technologies) in the Asia Pacific
• state interventions (green growth and developmental strategies around clean or renewable energy) and inter-state/regional, national/sub-national level dynamics of cooperation and competition (geopolitical alliances and strategic competition in emerging supply chains)
• firm competition in establishing new markets for clean technologies and securing critical minerals
• financing of clean energy projects and fossil fuel phase-out (e.g. Just Energy Transition Partnership)
• carbon leakage, offsetting, trade and sequestration
• land use changes associated with clean energy infrastructures

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公開講演会「Energy Transition and Society」